This huge fire reached the library and caused terrible cultural damage. Primary Evidence Overload! Ruins of the Serapeum temple, site of the ‘daughter’ library, via the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. Last edited: Dec 28, 2020. The library of Alexandria had many names because of its greatness and the number and variety of books it contained, including the royal library of Alexandria, the Grand Library, or the great library of Alexandria. At its height, the Library of Alexandria contained anywhere from 70,000 to 700,000 scrolls. Fact is it declined gradually over centuries. Ptolemy I, successor of Alexander the Great. He achieved his objective: before long, some fifty-four thousand books were acquired.”, The conqueror was impressed but asked the Caliph what to do with those books. a hub for the worlds understandings and information to be gathered together throughout the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty. Why call it a Museum? If the Great Library had been destroyed by fire, why did Emperor Claudius “added to the old Museum at Alexandria a new one called after his name”? You see, there are, unfortunately, a tremendous number of widespread misconceptions about what the Library of Alexandria was and what happened to it. It states: The second explained how books were acquired: Egyptian holding a papyrus roll, surrounded by Osiris and Anubis, via Pushkin Museum. Then, a stone inscription mentions by name a director of the ‘Alexandrina Bybliothece.’ Emperor Domitian relied on the Library to copy texts lost to fire, sending “scribes to Alexandria to transcribe and correct them.”, Another author even informs us that Emperor Hadrian actually visited the Museum in 130 AD: “In the Museum at Alexandria, he propounded many questions to the teachers.”. The Eastern Isles were a tropical paradise and a thriving nation before the eruption. And there arose in addition to this library a second up in the Serapeum, called its daughter.” It contained 42,800 books. / Getty Images. An unburned building full of decaying books would not have made a particle of difference. There is the myth of the Library of Alexandria and its destruction by fire. Show it to me.”. Under Roman Catholic Rule, Julius Caesar killed everyone they conquered, this is why many people suggest that perhaps the, “History is written by those who conquered”. The famous burning of the Library of Alexandria, including the incalculable loss of ancient works, has become a symbol of the irretrievable loss of public knowledge. The Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies inherited Egypt from Alexander and ruled the country until Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 30 B.C.E. Beyond the folly of men, nature added to the destruction with a tsunami and numerous earthquakes. The correct thread title should be "why was the Alexandria Library burned?" It should be noted that Cicero, Strabo and Lucano mention nothing of the burning of books. And by book, one needs to understand it as a papyrus roll. Additionally, the lack of clarity as to when the library disappeared and who’s responsible means we blame our chosen villain for its loss. Here is an ancient description of Alexander’s tomb: Like nearly all Pharaohs, Alexander had to suffer his gold treasure being looted. Image Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. And then it was burnt. We read that “forty thousand books were burned at Alexandria.” Then, a very clear accusation that Caesar “was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the great library.”, More accusations followed: “The flames spread to part of the city and there burned four hundred thousand books stored in a building which happened to be nearby. Preston Chesser. Update your profile pic! We all know the story of the Library of Alexandria, the vast repository of ancient texts that was burnt to the ground by Caesar in 48 B.C. Well first off, It’s been burned down 3 times. Library of Alexandria, the most famous library of Classical antiquity. The correct thread title should be "why was the Alexandria Library burned?" Guillaume Deprez is a contributing writer and art historian, graduate of the Louvre School. First, in the 18th century, when museums became modern successors of the Museum of Alexandria. Since there are no archaeological remains left, we only have ancient texts to try and rebuild its history. A lot of historians believed that Julius Cesar burned 101 ships, which were landing on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea because of his fight with little Ptolemy, Cleopatra s brother. Pompeii mosaic depicting a group of philosophers, probably Plato in the center, via Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The Library held between 40,000 and 700,000 papyrus rolls, written in Greek. At the time a text tells us that “he burnt all those ships and the rest that were in the docks.”. Either there was a library inside the Museum or a library building near it. The facade of Celsus’ library in Ephesus, built 400 years after Alexandria’s Library. Alexandria, one of the greatest cities of the ancient world, was home to one of the seven wonders, the Lighthouse. Although there is a mythology of “ the burning of the Library at Alexandria”, the library may have suffered several fires or acts of destruction of varying degrees over many years. These are just a few examples, of just what we know of. The second, also known as the ‘daughter’ library, was a major library part of a temple, the Serapeum. The myth is that the Library was intentionally burnt. Your email address will not be published. The great burning of Antiquity was a mass destruction of signs. Then, in 2002, when a new library, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, opened as heir to the lost one as “A center of excellence in the production and dissemination of knowledge, as well as a meeting place for the dialogue of peoples and cultures.”. Old Alexandria is buried deep under today’s Alexandria. The fire at Alexandria also prefigures the demise of the book in the age of digital texts. Please allow up to 2-4 weeks for standard and 1-10 days for express delivery. Then, after a few weeks of tremors, the largest volcanic eruption in over two million years launched thousands of cubic kilometers of molten earth, ash and dust into the atmosphere, and rained hellfire upon a terrified population. Abstract Expressionism is one of the most celebrated and significant art movements of the 20th century. let’s stop to look again at some of the great minds that studied in Ancient Kemet. Papers, 1777-1864 (bulk: 1861-1862). Its destruction wasn't caused by burning, this is a myth. The original library branch was located at the royal palace at Alexandria, near the harbor. But from Julius Caesar to Caracalla, prestigious visitors came to visit Alexander’s tomb. The sad fact is that the world lost a lot when library of Alexandria was brougt down to rubble. Scholars need books. A 19th century illustration of the burning of the Library of Alexandria. And there recently have been claims that Caesar accidentally burned down the library, as there is an effort to hide the brutality of such a praised barbarian as Julius Caesar. Burning of books, in a 15th century illustration. Items and Information that would have been considered Ancient to them. In Alexandria it was papyrus rolls rather than books that were supposedly burnt. Once the largest library in the ancient world, and containing works by the greatest thinkers and writers of antiquity, including Homer, Plato, Socrates and much more, the Library of Alexandria, northern Egypt, is popularly believed to have been destroyed in a huge fire around 2000 … Alexandria prefigures the medieval burnings of heretical and Jewish books, as well as the modern burnings of texts condemned for their modernity, immorality, or racial or ideological errancy. Mar 2017 942 Colorado Dec 28, 2020 #92 There are many cases across multiple cultures where cities were burned, and this especially included libraries. While the story itself isn’t accurate, it speaks to us today as we face the digital book burnings that are threatening the modern-day Library of Alexandria: the internet. The first and most crucial of which was the by. Last edited: Monday at 11:42 AM. Gustave Courbet: What Made Him The Father of Realism? It states that he was “in charge of the temples…that are in Alexandria and in all Egypt and upon the Museum and besides the Alexandrian library.”. Emerging out of post-war New York in the... By our standards, living in antiquity was full of hardships regardless of where you look. What is most interesting about the ancient writings describing the Library of Alexandria, is the extent that they went to gather information and historical and cultural documentation from all over the world. And please leave your thoughts, we are thankhful for your feedback and discussion. At its height, the Library of Alexandria contained anywhere from 70,000 to 700,000 scrolls. The Museum – Library of Alexandria was likely created during his reign, or his successor Ptolemy II. The Library was located inside the Royal Quarter. [138] [139] The threat was, however, not carried out, and the finds were finally handed over and ended up in the British Museum . But how and why it was lost is still a mystery. The fate of the Library of Alexandria. Haywood, Mary L. “The Antebellum Library of John Richard Edmunds,” (Master’s The mystery exists not for lack of suspects but from an excess of them. The Lighthouse of Alexandria, as depicted in Kitāb al-Bulhān, the ‘Book of Wonders’, circa 1400, via Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford. Aristarchus's student Emperor Caracalla slaughtered the population of Alexandria. So perished that marvelous monument of the literary activity of our ancestors, who had gathered together so many great works of brilliant geniuses.”, when the city was sacked under the dictator Caesar.”, “an enormous quantity of books, nearly seven hundred thousand volumes…were all burned during the sack of the city in our first war with Alexandria.”, “the man from the Mouseion, an Egyptian, a philosopher.”, “the whole world beholds nothing more magnificent.”, “A center of excellence in the production and dissemination of knowledge, as well as a meeting place for the dialogue of peoples and cultures.”, scribes to Alexandria to transcribe and correct them.”, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation, photo: Christoph Gerigk, “The walls were destroyed and the town lost the greatest part of the quarter called Bruccheion.”, Lost Treasures, the destruction of works of cultural heritage by intolerance and greed, This Is Abstract Expressionism: The Movement Defined in 5 Artworks, Beyond Constantinople: Life In the Byzantine Empire, Was Caracalla More than a Bloodthirsty Tyrant? [106] I have found it” or that the shortest distance between two points is a straight line and also his famous quote about giving me a lever long enough and a Falcom to which to place it and I shall move the world, Heron of Alexandria who is a mathematician and it was known and believed to have created the very first working model of a steam engine 2,000 years before James Watts, Eratosthenes who is the very first person to identify that the earth rotated around the Sun and he did so eighteen hundred years before Copernicus and he was also the very first person to find the circumference of the earth and he estimated it correctly to within two hundred miles. Now, what do ancient texts tell us about the destruction of the Library of Alexandria? Burning Books (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) 219 pp. However, as the Library was attached to the Musaeum, and Strabo did mention the latter, it is possible that the library was still in existence during Strabo’s time. We don’t even know if the Library of Alexandria was destroyed at all, due to contradictory texts and the absence of archaeological remains. Private Collection. Whether to fill your curiosity or help with your research, this…. We know this happened because Caesar wrote about setting the fire. Alexandria prefigures the medieval burnings of heretical and Jewish books, as well as the modern burnings of texts condemned for their modernity, immorality, or racial or ideological errancy. One can only imagine who else had visited the Library of Alexandria whose works were just lost into ashes. The burning of the Library of Alexandria in Ancient Egypt ranks among the worst crimes committed against humanity in known history. Proceed, then, and destroy them.”, The books were sent to Alexandria’s four thousand bathhouses. What it looked like, its exact location, precisely how many books it held, if it burnt, and who destroyed it. Two millennia after being created, the Library of Alexandria was reborn. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ominously threatened that, were that British demand persisted in, history would record "a second burning of a library in Alexandria". Again, the Library of Alexandria was more than just a library, it was a research center, a university, and medical school. Because it was a shrine to the Muses, called a Mouseion in Greek and a Museum in Latin. The fate of that great wealth of books remains provocative and controversial. burning of library at Alexandria. We are here to make sure that you are 100% satisfied with your purchase! Accession 31308. Just imagine what else they had in there. The first and most crucial of which was the by Julius Caesar in the year 48 BC. Library of Alexandria - Library of Alexandria - The fate of the Library of Alexandria: The fate of that great wealth of books remains provocative and controversial. 5. This is why, for three centuries, the Pharaohs of Egypt were Greek and why the language written in the Library was Greek. The library itself is known to have had an Acquisitions Department and a Cataloguing Department, and we know that it had a hall containing shelves of collections of papyrus scrolls known as “Biblioteca”. The conquering general was told by a Christian man of letters of the need to protect books. The Burning of the Library of Alexandria, 1876. While the story itself isn’t accurate, it speaks to us today as we face the digital book burnings that are threatening the modern-day Library of Alexandria: the internet. Images Roman sarcophagus, Pompeii painting and illustration of the Museum. Ancient authors give us vastly different estimates of the number of books the library held. It spread from the ships in the harbor to Alexandria, burning down the area of the city that contained the Library of Alexandria. The Burning of the Library of Alexandria, 1876. The oldest is a text written sometime in the 2d century BC. Most disagree on its size, its location, and most of all, how it was ultimately destroyed. Unfortunately, the second library might also have met a tragic end. Their creators had no need to save or archive them and as such those first examples of writing are lost. Alexandria underwater. Yet one hundred years after the fact, authors start to accuse him. The loss of the ancient world’s single greatest archive of knowledge, the Library of Alexandria, has been lamented for ages. The History of Burning the Old Alexandria Library. In this great library, the two cultures of the West and the East met through books and lectures hosted by the library, which was considered the first attempt at the modern idea of globalization It was compulsory that any scholar who was studying in Alexandria’s library would leave … The library was for centuries a minaret for science and literature, a hub for researchers and knowledge seekers. A marble statue, potentially depicting Alexander, was found deep under a public garden in 2009. It formed part of the research institute at Alexandria in Egypt that is known as the Alexandrian Museum. Most of the earliest clay tablets that were created contained information saved for practical purposes. Caesar wrote of starting the fire in the harbor but neglected to mention the burning of the Library. Book (London: British Library, 2007) 444 pp. A stone inscribed “Dioscorides, 3 volumes.” It is unclear if it was a papyrus box or the base of a statue. This is known with the story when Hebrew Scriptures were translated into Greek. The Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies inherited Egypt from Alexander and ruled the country until Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 30 B.C.E. ... it is said that a burning arro w shot during the . And on the base of a statue, a partly erased dedication to a member of the Museum, circa 150-200 AD. However, he didn’t mention burning the library. It existed for almost seven hundred years. While the Library of Alexandria survived several destructive forces throughout its existence, the most destructive was due to Julius Caesar. The very last time we find a mention of the Museum or Library is circa 380 AD, that is, more than 400 years after Julius Caesar supposedly destroyed it. Nor the tragic loss of a library. $34.95 ISBN 978-0-230-55328-6. Again, the Library of Alexandria was more than just a library, it was a research center, a university, and medical school. We do not know if the Serapeum library still existed when the temple was destroyed, but two authors do mention the loss of books. This institution gathered the largest collection of writings to date, as well as a large number of research instruments and documents from the ancient world. The library was named after Alexander the Great, who initiated the collection of documents in 334 BCE. The myth is that the Library was intentionally burnt. (Bagnall, “Alexandria: Library of Dreams”, p.359) Like all New Atheist pseudo history, the myth of the burning of the Great Library is caricature of the facts, compressed into a moral fable. Yet, a few artifacts can be linked to philosophers, therefore potential members of the Museum. But the awareness of this history, what has happened, how it has happened, and what parts continue to happen, will go a long way. The Library housed thousands of years of the ancient Kemetic teachings confiscated with its invasion approx 1700 BCE. The burning of the boats of the port did not burn the Library. He searched for books regardless of expense, offering booksellers the very best terms to persuade them to bring their wares here. Despite this fame, scholars know little about it and much debate surrounds the details of its existence and eventual destruction. The first and most crucial of which was the by Julius Caesar in the year 48 BC. BURNING OF LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA: A SYMBOL 509 historical reality may have been, our inquiry will address the legendary and symbolic ramifications of the burning in western consciousness. © Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation, photo: Christoph Gerigk. The mystery exists not for lack of suspects but from an excess of them. So perished that marvelous monument of the literary activity of our ancestors, who had gathered together so many great works of brilliant geniuses.”, Further, “in this were invaluable libraries, and the unanimous testimony of ancient records declares that 700,000 books…were burned in the Alexandrine war when the city was sacked under the dictator Caesar.”, And, “an enormous quantity of books, nearly seven hundred thousand volumes…were all burned during the sack of the city in our first war with Alexandria.”, Stella of Tiberius Claudius Balbillus, prefect of Egypt from 55 to 59 AD. The end began with the supervolcano. Before we go into details of the destruction of the library. Indeed, the beauty is beyond the power of words.”. Mosaic from Pompeii depicting Alexander the Great in battle. There was also the tomb of the last Pharaoh of Egypt, Cleopatra. Here are the ideas that we are going to explore: The Royal Library of Alexandria was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. Under Roman Catholic Rule, Julius Caesar killed everyone they conquered, this is why many people suggest that perhaps the Vatican archives may have hidden knowledge about what happened to the Library of Alexandria or perhaps even ancient scrolls or copies of ancient scrolls that may have survived the fire. The Burning of the Library of Alexandria. In 642, Muslim troops took over Egypt. The earliest Greek translation of the Old Testament and the Septuagint was written in the city of Alexandria, and possibly inside the Library itself. Its destruction wasn't caused by burning, this is a myth. The only thing that actually exists today is a basement that’s called seraphim, which is now believed to have not even been at the actual location of the Library of Alexandria itself but an extension of the campus. Such an omission proves little since he was not in the habit … Dios. The immense gap between the myth and the reality, that we know so little of, is difficult to fathom. If you were a Roman emperor, and if you happened to take your name from a sartorial choice, the odds are that the judgment... Royal portraits represent an important part of the history of painting. [1] However, much controversy lies… (9 Facts), 15 Exquisite Royal Portraits You Should Check Out, Amedeo Modigliani: A Modern Influencer Beyond his Time. We know the popular ones like Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Socrates, Hippocrates, Homer. The man who tried to save the books would have been 150 years old. T HE “C OMPLAINT OF B OOKS A GAINST W AR ” “Endless are the losses inflicted on the race of books by the tumults of war” wrote the English bibliophile Richard de Bury in his Philobiblon in 1345 (Bury, 1345/1948, p. 45). Although there is a mythology of the burning of the Library at Alexandria, the library may have suffered several fires or acts of destruction over many years. The library at Alexandria was said to be one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. Although there is a mythology of " the burning of the Library at Alexandria", the library may have suffered several fires or acts of destruction of varying degrees over many years. For colonnades, there is a roof adorned with gold, and the capitals of columns are worked in bronze overlaid with gold. Its members were men of letters, enjoying a generous allowance and free lodging. The basement of the Vatican houses 53 miles of shelf space with very limited access. 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